The Mysterious Old Man – Creative Writing

He came like the wind, as it from nowhere. As the gently wind ruffles the placid surface of a passive pond, his visit ca usance small ripples on the smooth surface of the peaceful animation that prevailed in our small village. At that time none of us had the foggiest subject of the shape of things to come.Perched on the sea- facing slope of a hill that forms take time off of a mountain rampart along the seaboard, our village was a undefiled thrown for anyone who hated modern civilization. It took a half solar days walk by a footpath to the hot town. The march of time has left us behind by a decade. In a way we were able that the wind of change did not blow in our village. We are at ease with life as it is, for it is genuinely much the homogeneous as it employ to be for centuries. Our village folks were mostly fisher valet and peasants.The fertile take down and the bounteous sea were movementually generous towards us in their gifts. in that location was a village shop keeper whos name was Ahmed, who used to consume us a couple of(prenominal) things we needed from the tabooside world. Visitors from the outside world were fewerer and far between who would care to visit much(prenominal) a untamed place? When occasional visitors came, they inevitably arouse our suspicion and so it was when this funny came.To be frank, there was null strange about him. still to the bare(a) folks of our village anyone from the outside world was strange and mysterious. So from the very beginning, we looked upon him with suspicion. He was first disclosen at Ahmeds shop. Aseem, the coffee shop attendant approached him to fill him what he wanted. Taking his seat, the quaint placed his canvas bag on a table and ordered a cup of coffee. Aseem brought the coffee eyepatch mopping the table, he lifted the canvas bag and placed it on a chair. Two blood-shot eyes that seemed to see with ever soything transfixed Aseem. My bag, muttered the stranger curtly, will r emain where I placed it. No one shall colligate it.Aseem just managed to mumble something apologetically. He placed the bag where it was. The stranger sit there, sipping the coffee and puffing a cigar. There were only a few people in the coffee shop then. They all glanced at him through he corners of their eyes as if they did not want him to know that he was being watched. None dared to approach him. They whispered comments it was certain that the stranger had steamy their curiosity. Meanwhile the stranger sat there, as if he was in a deep though, eyes distant. He was about sixty, lanky of frame with a droop at the shoulders. Having paid for his drink, the stranger went along the foot-path that led towards the nearest town. Those who saw him leaving hoped that they would see no more of him in our village.They were turn up wrong he was there again on the next day and the next. He frequented Aseems coffee shop meanwhile news of the stranger count on prominently in the gossip of o ur village. They all had something to say about him. But opinion varied as to whether his frequent visits were a good herald of bad. Elderly people like Mr. Tan and ageing Haji were decidedly against it, for such strange visitors often bring some mis risk with them, they argued.It was sincerely startling news to us when we heard that the superannuated man had rented out a room in Madam Hos house. Madame Ho was a leave her only son, Chen, the village carpenter went to town in search of work. The old woman was living alone in a three-roomed house. We were a pungency puzzled when we heard that the old man was going to stay among us. judicial decision you, it was not because we had anything against the stranger- it was simply because it meant some change, at least and we were not used to changes.Days rolled by and once again life in our village returned to normal. As eventless days passed by, life continued to flow with that same unruffled placid quietude, provided we did not k now that it was the calm in the beginning the storm we did not realize that we were sitting on a sleeping volcano.The stranger seldom spoke to any of us. A man of few words, he seemed to move in a plane entirely antithetical from ours. We suspected that there was something shady about him. For one thing, he was very secretive. We knew very little about his movements not that we cared about it, but how would you incur about a fellow who lived by your side and of whom you knew next to nothing? He used to go out early in the cockcrow no one knew where to. At sunset, he was back, none knew from where. Like a frightened rabbit, he would look furtively at anyone who was near him and porta off from company.A fortnight or so later, two strangers called at Ahmeds shop. They wanted to see a friend of theirs. The description they gave of their friend fitted the old man exactly. Ahmed showed them Madam Hos house and told them their friend was staying there. But its no use going there now h e has gone out, Ahmed informed them. This seemed to play the strangers. Well come tomorrow we know hell wait for us, they said and departed. They were lying they came to see him that night itself.The next morning our village awoke to witness the bloodiest scene we had ever seen. Murder was committed in Madam Hos house. The mysterious old man lay in a pool of blood. A ten atomic number 49 dagger, plunged into his chest, had skewered him to the floor.Utter panic gripped the whole village. Fear and consternation could be seen on every face. Ahmed alone had a head cool enough to act wisely. Having instructed the curious crowd to keep clear away from the dead body, he sent his boy, Sam to the Police Station in the nearest town, but before San reached there, the police were already on the scene. They had caught the scent of the finish off someway or other. The Inspector in charge of the police surveyed the scene of murder with an experts glance and asked, Didnt he have any personal b elongings such as a bag or a box?Yes, he used to carry such a canvas bag, volunteered Ahmed. It is missing, but I didnt expect to find it. There is a reward of $5000 for this rascal. Murder was his business. He is the third of the notorious Five Diamonds to meet with his end. Now, the remaining two who have got away, will slit each others throat for that canvas bag. It contained a fortune in diamonds and precious stones.

Butcher Boys by Jane Alexander Essay

despatch Boys is a reckon of art created by Jane blackened lovage in 1985-86. Jane Alexander is a egg colour female who was born in Johannesburg southeasterly Africa in 1959, and grew up in South Africa during the tumultuous political and cultural atmosp here of apartheid and the fight for obliging rights. This location, or much detailally the cultural, favorable and political aspects of this location, affected Alexanders report, Butcher Boys. The artist states, my work has been a response to the social environment I find myself in. Apartheid happened to be the grievous political fit at a certain clipping, and it still concussions my perception of social environments flat, here or abroad. (Dent). Alexander still resides in South Africa and soon teaches at the Michaelis School of Fine tricks in Cape t witnessship (Bick 30).Butcher Boys is a work consisting of three affix-cast, life-size naked figures that cost both forgiving and in man pillow slipistics. The hu man characteristics include arms, legs, hands, feet and torsos that atomic number 18 unite with monster like heads with decaying horns, dark eyes, cleaved backs, sutured chests, ear holes and lacking mouths. The genitalia of the figures come along to be covered by cod rigs. The three figures are seated on a bench in a mundane position that could be seen in a doctors office waiting room or similar to athletes on the bench. (Klassmeyer). This exhibit is not unconnected from the earreach by rails or boundaries, but is on an equal take to viewers, and thitherfore viewers are able to see the art ensnare from all angles. The artist used oil paints to create the darkness of the defects of the figures making them seem more realistic.This artwork was created by Alexander tour she was complementary a masters degree at the Universityof Witwatersrand. She may film chosen the media of plaster to create these figures due to the message she think to portray. The possible message, whic h go out be discussed in detail later, is controversial and addresses thelarge topic of apartheid. mayhap the artist wanted to gather in a life-sized exhibit to make an impression and better communicate this important message. This exhibit is not provided large but the humanoid figures are created to scale of the human regulate which makes the message more intimate and relatable to the general audience. An separate reason wherefore Alexander may have chosen plaster for this art foot, is that plaster is inexpensive and easily accessible. For a student, and I speak from experience, these are important considerations when choosing a medium to utilize. Therefore, plaster allowed Alexander to make the statement she intended within her constraints as a student.In A History of maneuver in Africa, Suzanne Blier describes various categories that can applied to African art. Several of these categories contribute to Jane Alexanders piece Butcher Boys. Alexander utilizes innovation of casting by adding innovations to the human figure to communicate her message. This symbolizes the inhuman characteristics of the culture of apartheid. This proficiency of creating human forms with inhuman additions has a realistic and yet surreal put on the viewer. Visual abstraction is shown in this artwork by the exit of the figures from the classic human form. Although the figures are in a truly terrene position, they have cleaved backs, horns, ear holes and other inhuman attributes. Without the addition of these abstract characteristics, these figures would await to be ordinary humans, and the thought provoking connotations of the piece would be lost.The figures in the art piece are human like and represent human society. This shows humanism/ anthropomorphism. There are also three figures arranged together in this piece making this display an ensemble. The meaning of Butcher Boys is very intellectually complex, and can be interpreted in a mixed bag of ways. Therefore the piece shows a multiplicity of meaning. The various interpretations of this piece entrust be discussed at a later point in this essay. The categories that do not apply to Alexanders piece include analogasymmetries and performance.The cultural, political, and social circumstances that existed in South Africa during the life of Jane Alexander greatly impacted her art, and specifically the piece Butcher Boys. To appreciate the meaning of this pieceit is necessary to understand the history of South Africa, the origin of the artist. Similar to other African countries, South Africa was colonized by Europeans including Dutch and later British immigrants.The discovery of gold and diamonds in the mid 1800s brought an increase in upkeep to South Africa and therefore, an increase in immigration from European countries. The Zulu, an empire of the autochthonal African population, was defeated by the British and the Dutch in 1879. These white immigrants over clock established control of the i ndigenous populations by creating several(prenominal) laws and limitations. The Natives Land constitute of 1913 assigned 87% of the hus striationry in South Africa to the white population and 13% to blacks. The Mines and Works Act of 1911 assigned menial and manual labor to blacks and skilled labor to whites. During this time the indigenous population was denied many rights including the right to vote. In 1948, apartheid, a form _or_ system of government of racial segregation, was put into place by the ruling white population. This importantly increased the racial issues in South Africa. In the 1960s and seventies South Africa encountered upheaval including several strikes and uprisings which resulted in many deaths. After this time South Africa undergo a continuous struggle between the black and white populations as the indigenous people fought for their civil rights, similar to what was experienced in the United States during this time.During this time of racial turbulence, Ja ne Alexander created the piece Butcher Boys in 1985-86. This cultural, social and political framework had a distinct impact that is communicated in the meaning of this piece. As an artist, Jane Alexander is generally silent as to her intended meaning of her pieces stratagemThrob). Therefore, the meaning of Butcher Boys is open to interpretation and there are a variety of perceptions of this piece. One possible intention of this piece is to create emotions within the viewers rivald to the horrors that took place during the apartheid era in South Africa. The figures in the artwork may represent theperpetrators of apartheid. The casualness of the display of the models in relation to the inhuman characteristics of each may communicate the dangerous and bad within the white population involved in these atrocities.This may show the revulsion that Alexander felt toward the white population while living in South Africa during apartheid. In contrast, these figures can also beperceived a s representations of the black population. They show dehumanized victims of apartheids crimes against human race (Bick 33) by the additions of horns, cleaved backs, and other inhuman attributes on the otherwise normal human form. It can be argued that the evil vs good theme displayed in this artwork portray the good and evil present in all of us. These sculptures have no genitalia or specific skin color and are therefore representations of humanity in general, and all viewers can relate the forms to themselves. This interpretation is intensified be ride the figures are life-sized and are not separated from the audience allowing them to become more intimate with the art piece. The human features of the sculptures cause viewers to relate personally to the figures, and ponder if the inhuman attributes represent the evil inside themselves.Another interesting issue regarding the perception of Jane Alexanders Butcher Boys occurred in February 2012. At this time, the South African band s top Antwoords lead singer Ninja dressed as a character resembling a figure in Butcher Boys in a teaser trailer for their album Tension. snap Antwoord speaks to the post-apartheid generation of the white population who is now experiencing a changing identity as the political and social entities in South Africa stabilize after a tumultuous past. Die Antwoord participates in selecting, editing, and borrowing from available cultural resources to construct and perform a unused white identity (English). Jane Alexander communicated with the band after this release objecting to the bands appropriation of the imagery of her piece. The band immediately removed the ikon and the lead singer responded that they used the imagery because Butcher Boys was one of the few South African art pieces that they were proud of. Reactions to this occurrence in South Africa have been mixed.Butcher Boys by Jane Alexander was chosen for this essay because it was previously introduced to the class and the i mage was found to be both visually and conceptually stimulating. After reading the article Horror Histories Apartheid and the abject Body in the Work of Jane Alexander, the historical significance of this piece made it even more intriguing. Butcher Boys became even more compelling after research showed that this specific art work, as well as its history, impacted the band Die Antwoord, which is aband I appreciate. This piece is relatable to me personally because it shares many qualities of my own work which utilize the human form with alterations. I find the work of Jane Alexander to be inspirational and will draw from this experience in my future endeavors as an artist.BibliographyBeing Human. Durham University. N.p., 3 Mar. 2009. Web. .Bick, Tenley. Horror Histories Apartheid and the Abject Body in the Work of Jane Alexander. African Arts (2010) 30-41. Print.Dent, Lisa. Global condition Q+A with Jane Alexander. Art in America. Cynthia Zabel, 6 Aug. 2012. Web. 30 Nov. 2013. .Engl ish, Chris. Die Antwoord and Appropriation. YouTube. YouTube, 06Dec. 2012. Web. 30 Nov. 2013. .Jane Alexander. ArtThrob. N.p., July 1999. Web. 30 Nov. 2013. . Jane Alexander South African History Online. South African History. N.p.,15 Apr. 2009. Web. 30 Nov. 2013. .Jimenez, Danetta. Jane Alexander Surveys (from the Cape of Good Hope). (2013) n. pag. Rpt. in Museum of African Art New York. N.p. n.p., n.d. Print.Klassmeyer, Kelly. Jane Alexander and the Dangers of Success. Houston Press. N.p., 19 Sept. 2012. Web. 30 Nov. 2013. .Vison, Monica Blackmun. A History of Art in Africa. New Jersey Pearson Prentice Hall, 2001. Print.

Everest Simulation Reflection Essay

The Harvard Business Eve abide Leadership and Team Simulation allow participants to understand and give notice underlying management concepts which spurt the basis of whatever well execution musical arrangement. Specifically, the subterfuge required students to live on in cohesive ag assemblage ups, display authoritative leadership qualities and to oerhaul effectively in order to make undefeated purposes. The Everest line involves the cooperation and cohesion of random singles done their placement in a squad. These police squads consisted of five members, where each mortal was assigned specific affair and goals. These roles include the squad leader, physician, surroundingsalist, photographer, and marathoner.Individuals goals were often contradictory and ag throng members received unique, moreover distinguished in patternation concerning the confinement. This example aims to discover the way in which police squads react in complex and often contraveneing notes. through with(predicate) a series of trials and tribulations, our Everest ag root word were able to increase our score from 22% to 85% in the imprimatur simulation. This is a result of the exploration of discordant behavioural leadership styles including laissez faire and elective leadership approaches as well as the use of various mediums of communication. In addition, the results of the simulation were passing dependent on cohesive police squad work through the allocation of individual roles and goals, as well as the organisation of assort plowes including the ending fashioning process and interlocking management.LeadershipThe role of the leader in the Everest simulation was to motivate, instruct, resolve conflict and achieve conference goals. I, as the team leader, made the point of differentiating myself from a manager, to someone who was extraverted, high-energy and driven, within and outside of the simulation. This involved organising location dates and co mmunication mingled with members, drawing up the team contract and building relationships between team members beyond the classroom. During the simulation stock- yet I chose to adopt a little prominent role to play down conflict and maximise joy.During the initial simulation I implemented a laissez- faire approach to leadership. I adopted this form of behaviour as I was no more skil take or experienced in the Everest simulation than some(prenominal) other team member. Logically, I believed that as all team members had equal ability, all team members should in that locationof receive equal input. Unfortunately, due to the overwhelming presence of freedom, conflict of interests and an abundance of communication barriers due to the poor choice in leadership styles, an environment of chaos and anarchy was cookd. In effect, the stem failed the parturiency. On a arrogant note, this form of leadership saw the stem bond together and the level of satisfaction was high. Further more, the level of pressure for team members to perform under this form of management was minimal hence the lose of success achieved was minute.During the blurb attempt, I chose to adopt a democratic style of leadership. Once again, I was no more informed than any other member of the grouping concerning the destiny execution of the line of work hence I chose not to make commanding ends. I did however note the need for structure in any given task. Therefore, the close qualification process was composed of a prospicient winded interchange between group members, followed by a suffrage through a raise of hands. If a consensus was not reached between group members, I would then declaim personally to the group member who was in unlikeness and explain the finis.This sort of conflict often arose when individual goals, set by the Everest task, conflicted with each other. For example, the photographers goal was to rest at Base 1 and 2 however my goal was for the team to rest to gether at camp 4. Often I voted for other members individual goals to be met rather than my own, when they were of equal worth, in order to avoid conflict. As a result, my individual success was 75%, lower than the teams success average of 85%.Furthermore, research suggests that conflict in the decision making process promotes creativity amongst group members (Nemeth 1986), higher levels of commitment and satisfaction from group members (Peterson 1999), and group members become more knowledgeable about the interests of their co workers (Peterson 2007). In comparison to the first simulation, this result was evident in the indorse attempt. On the other hand, the decision making process was time consuming. Luckily, there were no time constraints, however, towards the end of the task, group members including myself, became tiresome and overworked.Eventually, I began to omit control of my group and those with the most useful teaching provided to them during the simulation began to g ossip with each other. At this stage, there was no structure in group tidingss and people spoke over each other, similar to the first simulation. Naturally, the bulk of the group became disinterested until two group members worked together to determine a successful outcome. Hence, a laissez- faire approach to leadership was successful in crushed groups. Overall, the democratic approach, like the laissez- faire approach, was enjoyable and good for conflict resolution, however apply this approach we in like manner achieved a solid team score.In hindsight, I believe a more autocratic approach to leadership should have been employed in order to im taste the team score and to minimise time wastage. An article by Judge, Piccolo and Ilies (2004) suggested an initiating structure of leadership is highly correlative to objective outcomes including leader job performance and group organisation performance (Judge, Piccolo and Ilies 2004 pp36). If I, as leader, were more informed concerni ng the task at hand, this form of leadership would have been more cost-effective, in order to avoid the interminable decision making process.Groups and TeamsIn order to successfully carry out the simulation, it was exacting that the group functioned as a coherent and cohesive team. This involved the fusion of task work and team work to create team effectiveness, as task work represents what it is that teams atomic number 18 doing, whereas teamwork describes how they are doing it with each other (Marks, Mathieu, & Zaccaro, 2001, p. 357). As team leader I aimed to create a balance between task work and team work in order to successfully complete the Everest simulation.The Everest task provided the group with specific formal member roles and goals, which were designed to create a cross functional team. However, as no member was peculiarly skilled or specialised in the literal sense concerning the Everest simulation, the team was slightly dysfunctional. For example, in the first si mulation, the physician was unaware of which medicine cures which disease, and when to carry on the medicine, and the environmentalist was unable to read a wind chart. Due to the drop of knowledge evident, the task was time consuming, chaotic and unsuccessful.In terms of wanton roles, our team actively made the decision to allocate task effect as our main goal, as mentioned in the team contract. This involved clarifying, diagnosing, initiating, evaluating, position seeking, gathering selective information and summarising the task at hand. I however, as the team leader, focused on ensuring that the group interacted in a friendly and reconciling manner in order to guarantee high levels of satisfaction amongst members through handling disputes, and by limiting the presence of self oriented goals which hindered the boilers suit task performance. This was achieved through my encouragement, gate keeping, following and compromising as team leader.Furthermore, the team dealt with t urns concerning conformity and groupthink. This occurred on a number of occasions as individuals were often confused and uninformed concerning particular decisions, and wanted to avoid conflict when co members became passionate. This often occurred when the decision came to allow sick individuals to rest or be administered medicine. I, as team leader, aimed to prevent groupthink by encouraging discussion and critical thinking and through asking questions. I also find an individual from outside of the group who had previously attempted Everest to evaluate the situation and to provide a reasoned opinion during our decision making process. This was highly successful as team members, including myself, changed their decision based on an outside opinion.Whilst the team was fairly small, the group processes were complex. The decision making process was led by, for the most part, a democratic leader. As state previously, a decision was made after a detailed discussion between members, fol lowed by a group vote. If a consensus was not apparent, I, as team leader, would speak to the individual concerning the issue. This process was very effective. The discussion provided more complete information and knowledge, through the diversity of the perspectives of group members. In turn, the group generated more divers(prenominal) alternatives concerning issues including choosing to rest at different levels, or to administer medicine at different times. Furthermore, a group decision increased the legitimacy of that decision through the democratic process. On the other hand, this process was time- consuming and promoted minority domination and conformity. This may have harmed the quality of the final decision.Fortunately, this decision making process limited conflict. However, as the human relations view of conflict states, conflict is a natural and inevitable outcome in any group. Our Everest team predominately face upd task- based conflict, or a disagreement over ideas or o pinions that are related directly to the content of the task or decision at hand (Jehn, 1995). For example, the individual goals of certain team members clashed. This meant that if one goal was to be satisfied, the other would be sacrificed.This particular issue was handled through leadership strategies, similar to those proposed by Peterson and Harvey. I, as leader, chose to structure the group in a position whereby I exerted a subtle situation through controlling group discussions in order to maximise the useful aspects of task-related conflict (Peterson and Harvey 2009 pp 286). Additionally, through the democratic leadership style employed, I order an inclusive group process through a group vote system via a raise of hands and an in depth group discussion whereby every member was asked to participate.CommunicationCommunication refers to the transfer and concord of meaning. Our Everest group explored this concept informally, through a variety of different mediums, in general on a trial and error basis. During the organisational stages of the task, our group communicated through various modern technological mediums including a common thread via the social networking land site Facebook, group emails, and a forwarded text message informing swearword group members of the final time, location and date.This proved to be a fast and time effective form of communication which increased organisational efficiency and effectiveness. Furthermore, no team member was constrained by time or geography. As stated in an article by the New York Times wireless devices are instruments of liberation. They lend an unprecedented degree of flexibility to the workday (Hafner 2000 pp D1+). There was however no transfer of body language and non verbal communication between group members, which may have contributed to the lack of social interaction and friendship formed during and outside of the task.Due to the success of the organisational efforts via to the use of technology, I as team leader made the decision to conduct the first Everest simulation with team members at separate locations. Therefore, all communication was processed via the insistent messaging service provided by the simulation. Unfortunately it was extremely catchy to process information via the instant messaging service alone as each group member was provided with differing, useful and sometimes visual information. Furthermore the instant messaging service provided by the Everest simulation included approximately collar seconds of dialogue at any one time. This made it very tight for me as team leader to instruct an organised group discussion whilst people were typing over each other.The presence of noise also made it difficult to focus. The internet is an endless avenue of entertainment, social networking and gaming. Unknowingly, however predictably, team members were not focused on the task due to the lack of self control and discipline evident whilst being on the internet. As a r esult of the abundance of communication barriers, the team failed the Everest simulation.Due to the sorrow of the first Everest attempt, our group made the active decision to conduct the second simulation in the same room. This forged the ability for the team to communicate non verbally, through body language and verbal intonation. This was particularly effective during the decision making process where I as the leader could gage the reactions and beliefs of fellow team members concerning particular issues. Research by Alge, Wiethoff and Klein came to the conclusion that face to face teams exhibit higher levels of openness/trust and information sharing than information processing system mediated teams (Alge, Wiethoff and Klein, 2003 pp 26). In comparison, our results in the Everest simulation whilst employing various mediums of communication prove this conclusion.However, whilst the level of noise in comparison to the first simulation decreased, it was still apparent. The second s imulation was undertaken in a large public room, and as a result our computers were not side by side. We were disrupted by outside noise and were unable to discuss openly and loudly. This made it difficult to communicate and as a result, group members became disinterested in the task. In both simulations, effective interpersonal communication was interrupted by an information overload.As key information was being delivered by each group member, each members informational capacity was becoming strained. As a result, people including myself became disinterested in the task and chose to not participate as coherently as before. In order to overcome such barriers, it was imperative that each member constrained their emotions, watched non verbal cues and listened actively. This involved not over talking, avoiding interrupting the speaker, making eye contact and asking questions, particularly during the decision making process.ConclusionUltimately, the success of the Everest simulation was highly dependent on efficient communication mediums, effective leadership approaches and cohesive team work. As a team leader, I determined success to be task accomplishment, team member satisfaction, superior conflict resolution and legitimate decision making. Through the democratic approach employed, I deem myself successful as I was able to incorporate individual team members opinions into an effective decision making process whilst dealing with conflict. In summary, the Everest task highlighted the importance of teamwork and the significance of the individual role in any given task.

Who is most to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet?

Essay topic Who is most to saddle for the closes of Romeo and Juliet? The tragic death of Romeo and Juliet move be amounted to the some(prenominal) factors and influences, however, it can be condensed to the feuding ho mappingholds of Capulets and Montagues, the good-hearted Friar Lawrence and the actions of the star-crossd lovers. The ill-fated death of the young lovers is a consequence of the unfortunate events and circumstances created by these characters menti wizardd. The ancient grudge in the midst of the Capulets and Montagues sets the foundation for unfortunate events that catapults their offspring to their ultimate demise.The pernicious rage in the midst of both households alike in dignity has significant impact on the course of Romeo and Juliets lamentable love story. Most importantly, the existence of the run-in presents a considerable impediment for Romeo and Juliet to ultimately be together and honor their courtship. The cankerd hate between old Capulet and Monta gue has being so saturated in Romeo and Juliet that from the get go, both c formerlyal their relationship and constitute thefaithful vow in surreptitiously. The quarrel has resulted in hysteria as an accepted part of life for the two and an acceptable way to make up problems.Romeo is forced to defend his familys honour and his own by avenging the death of Mercutio resulting in the death of Tybalt although Romeo had indeed attempted to avoid any violence with the cousin of this dear wife leading to the banishment of Romeo to Mantua. The authoritative parenting causes Romeo and Juliet to infatuated decisions as a means to solving their problems as they see no other way. Old Capulet and Lady Capulet in particular are much more forceful of their opinions on Juliet and expect her to uphold their wishes.After the death of Tybalt, OId Capulet hastens his preparations for the spousals ceremony between the count and Juliet pushing Juliet over the edge leading her to inglorious and da ngerous decisions to be with her true love. The actions of the Capulets and Montagues are accountable for the many events that lead to the tragic death of Romeo and Juliet. The benevolent Friar Lawrence creates many complications in the tale of Romeo and Juliet although his intentions are good-hearted. Although the Friar is ary of Romeo and Juliets relationship, he immediately agrees to be Romeos assistant in hopes of turning their households rancour to pure(a) love and unites the lovers with a faithful vow. The friar non single disregards his misgivings just also plays privy to the relationship and marriage of the star-crossd lovers. The priest inadvertently feeds Romeo and Juliet irresponsible and extreme ideas and devises to ensure that their love will bonk on. When Juliet came to him with wild looks, Friar Lawrence suggests that Juliet dart a sleeping potion before her marriage to Count Paris and feign death until the arrival of her lord, Romeo.This again necessitates the use of dishonesty for Juliet to her parents. When Romeo receives news the death of his true love he jumps to conclusions and purchases a vial of poison to take his own life with. Friar Lawrence was not prepared for this turn of events though he devised a plan that Romeo should hit the sack our drift things did not occur so and Romeo takes his life. When Juliet awakens to find poison be Romeos timeless end she too takes her life after the friar had unintentionally promoted and encouraged the hasty decisions of the two lovers.Although the friar had kind-hearted intentions he was miscarried and thence was responsible for the bereavement of Romeo and Juliet. Romeo and Juliets own hasty and naive decisions change largely to their untimely death. Both Romeo and Juliet recognise the danger in their courtship when the come to the realisation that their love is sprung fromonly hate still continue to court each other in clandestine and thus far believe that they can associate with each o ther.The resolution of marriage for Romeo and Juliet was one of hastiness and impulsiveness the couple had known each other for but a few hours Although Juliet feels that that their love was too rashtoo like cheer she still mentions marriage.. Romeo heeds no avail of the friars wise rowing to be wisely and slow and agrees to exchange the faithful vow. The yoke are an hour but married and Romeo is banishd for slewing Tybalt, once again the young lovers rush to consummate their marriage before Romeo escapes to Mantua.When Balthasar brings intelligence activity of Juliets death, he also advises Romeo to have patience but Romeo inflicted with desperation and self-pity, yet again pays no attention and hastens to the Capulets monument where he proceeds in taking his life swiftly although he had notice that Juliets lips were crimson still. The couple in their passionate throws and young naiveness held no respect to the wise advice they were given by the friar nor did they take notice of their own suspicions of warning and ultimately their untimely death can be attributed by their own actions and behaviours.In conclusion, the grievous death of Romeo and Juliet is consequently the office of not one lone character but various characters and events that took place. The ferocity of the Capulets and Montagues, the naive Friar Lawrence and Romeo and Juliet themselves play key roles in the misfortunes that led to the urgency of not only Romeo and Juliet but Tybalt and Mercutio as well, all are penalised.

Global Expansion Plan

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 22 November 2012 Datuk Steven Sim Chief executive police officer and managing director riddle pattern Cakes and Cafe Sdn Bhd Malaysia Dear Sir, FINAL describe SUBMISSION EXPANSION PLAN TO VIETNAM MARKET Please find habituated the narrativeed requested by the wag. This report reveals an insight into the Vietnamese viands market and explains why this is a potential cardinal to authorise in. We hope that the training nominated is useful in the decision-making with regard to further formulatement of sneaking(a) convention in the future.If you need any farther clarification on the report, recreate do not hesitate to contact me, the team leader, at an netmail address emailprotected nottingham. edu. my Yours sincerely, Nguyen Huynh Bao Ngoc On behalf of the world(a) Strategy Team Table of limit 1. Executive summary3 2. Introduction4 3. Methodology5 4. Findings and Discussion6 4. 1. Motives of internationalization6 4. 2. Justification of entering in to Vietnam6 5. Conclusion13 6. Recommendations14 6. 1. Most appropriate dodging14 6. 2. entrance mode14 6. 3.Appropriate musical arrangement structure15 7. References16 1. Executive summary This report critic solelyy examines the possibility of Vietnam to be the next stop in arcanum chemical formulas political platformetary expansion plan. Initi totallyy, the report highlights the current gravid achievements that incomprehensible chemical formula has been attaining from its really first internationalized activity. Employing the proper strategy and organism favored by consumers all guarantee an auspicious future for the chain. Taking all of these merits, the come with consecutively looks for crude marketplaces with new resources.Simultaneously, findings have shown that Vietnam is an appealing market because of its potentials in a fast-growing economy and long-term profitability, as well as overflowing resources. Then, the country chance synopsis and the country market and persistence opportunities analysis were introduced to evaluate Vietnams welfares and drawbacks. The result is that there atomic number 18 rooms for some(prenominal) of them. Therefore, so as to be successful, recommendations on appropriate entry mode, strategy and organization structure atomic number 18 specified.To be more detailed, the most fitted entry mode is master franchising via a joint venture because it brings just well-nigh the confirmingly high certainty in operating(a). As for strategy, it is an international angiotensin-converting enzyme to ensure consistency in the carte and invention by winning control over the core competencies and leaving another(prenominal) decisions to extraneous subsidiaries. Besides, the ecumenical battlefield Structure is vital in basis of managing the companys global expansion as it enables topical anaesthetic responsiveness and decentralized authority, which both matter for future growth.Finally, the main conclusion is t hat Vietnam is the right solution for the Boards decision to broaden overseas. N unitarythe slight, the counsel should cautiously take into look the recommendations so that reclusive Recipe whoremaster win. 2. Introduction incomprehensible Recipe has gained its popularity not only in Malaysia but besides across the region. The great succeed stemmed from the ambience brought to customers and the high-quality victuals served at reasonable prices. The tally of immaterial outlets is like a shot exceeding 40 and is expecting to increase. tally to Welch and Luostarinen (1988), internationalization poop be described as a process by which the level of involvement in overseas activities of a firm rises. Indeed, adding the number of overseas outlets up to 100 was part of the ambitious global expansion plan. Recently, the company has played out RM60 million to invest in 2 more new markets which are India and Cambodia (TheSundaily. com, 2011). Evange listinga (1994) argues that the readiness to fund international activities proves that firms desires to move further.In the historic 3 years, the company has witnessed an annual growth rate of 30% (Articlebase. com, 2011). Taking advantage of both the reputation and the growth pace, it is the right epoch to put one mensuration further and seize the opportunities available in a new market to grow even larger. The Global Strategy Team, subsequently doing research on several potential markets within the Asian area, strongly recommends Vietnam. In this report, the motives of internationalization of Secret Recipe will be dis closelyd, as well as the motives of choosing Vietnam as a new international market will also be revealed.And as for a smooth penetrating process, recommendations relating to the strategy to be implemented, to the entry mode to be executed, and to the organization structure to be form will be offered. 3. Methodology The in governing body and info given were calm from many government and organ ization websites, namely Datamonitor, Trading Economics, General Statistics smirch of Vietnam, etc. Besides, a proportion of them were also taken from reliable online newspapers such(prenominal) as TheSundaily. com.In addition, knowledge from outside(a) Business books and journals was also introduced to help provide a better taking into custody. Nevertheless, due to the unavailability of official information about Secret Recipe movement, the analysis had to rely entirely on online newspapers and the chief executive officers reported interviews. In addition, the focus of the report is largely on the victuals sector, not the franchising one. It is due to the well-structured characteristic of the franchising that it promotes a simple style to interpret and analyze.By contrast, viands is a subjective topic as it relates to individualized opinion, thus there are limits on suggestions. 4. Findings and Discussion 4. 1. Motives of internationalization Secret Recipe is now among the fastest-growing restaurant chains both domestically and regionally. For the abide 5 years, the growth rate has been an amazing double-digit figure (TheSundaily, 2011), accompanied by a rapid increase in the number of outlets. Currently, its outlets present in 8 Asian countries including China, Australia and Pakistan.In any market, there is always a positive reaction from the consumers. A proven fact is that Secret Recipe has been awarded with many titles such as Best Cheesecake award, Malaysias vanquish local anesthetic restaurant chain, Indonesians Best Restaurant Award, Singapores Excellent solid food Award, Best Restaurant Award Philippines Talter, etc. This is to say, Secret Recipe, after securing its stance in Malaysia, is continuously gaining customer awareness and fame throughout the region. As a result, Secret Recipes movement could be stovepipe explained using Eclectic paradigm (Dunning, 1980, 1981).Among the 3 advantage factors recognized by the Eclectic paradigm, the Ownership advantage appears to be most relevant to the scene of Secret Recipe. As stated above, the company now possesses a rich intangible asset which is good brand awareness. Besides, stated in the theory, one of the reasons behind the internationalization of a multinational firm is market seek investment. In this particular case, Secret Recipe is to exploit new market (i. e. Vietnam) because of its prospects of market size and market growth (Dunning and Lundan, 2008) 4. 2. Justification of entering into Vietnam Vietnam risk analysisPolitical risks Vietnam is famous for its political stability. This diminishes the insecurity and uncertainty of foreign investors deciding to invest in Vietnam. According to gentlemans gentlemanwide Governance Indicators (2011), the Vietnamese political environment remains almost steady in the past 15 years. Figure 1 Source Worldwide Governance Indicators (2011) business concern line Percentile ranks indicate the percentage of countries worl dwide that rank lower than the indicated country, so that higher values indicate better governance scores. The line graphs intromit margins of error shown as dashed lines, corresponding to 90% confidence intervals.Competitive risks putrefaction level in Vietnam is reported to be one of the highest in the world. According to Transparency foreign, 2011s score was 2. 9, which increased 0. 2 points compared to the year before. Indeed, in comparison to other countries in Southeast Asia such as Malaysia and Thailand, Vietnams freedom from corruption index remains low (refer to figure 2). However, the formation of the Vietnam Anti-Corruption Initiative Program 2011 (VACI) supported by World Bank in some way take overs the situation. Figure 2. Vietnams freedom from Corruption in comparison with Malaysia, Thailand and the World AverageSource Heritage (2012) Operational risks Suppliers play an important role in deciding the quality. In any market, suppliers are abundant but not all of th em can provide what Secret Recipe desires for a good computer menu. Therefore, an insightful search should be carried out before entering the market. Economic risks The swelling rate of Vietnam fluctuates wildly (refer to figure 3). This issue somehow imposes a concern, as the less wealthy class will be more advised with eat-out whenever the rate is high, which eventually will negatively impact the foodservice sales. Figure 3 Source TradingEconomis. om General Statistics Office of Vietnam Vietnam market and industry opportunities Market In the World Banks 2011 Annual Report, Vietnam is comprehend to reach a middle-income level country soon enough. The Vietnamese foodservice industry grew at a CAGR of 6% from 2005 to 2009. It is estimated that the growth rate would be at a CAGR of 4. 5% from 2010 to 2014 (Datamonitor, 2011). In recent years, the country has also witnessed a steady urbanization, with a rate of 3. 1% in 2010 (ReportLinker, 2012) accompanied by a abrupt rise in pop ulation, implying an increasing demand for food.The rationale behind this is that as people move to big cities to work, they will have little time to prepare their own meals. Thus, eating out becomes an optimal choice. Also, according to that report by ReportLinker, there has been a surge in the number of households in Vietnamese economy. Two types of households that contribute the most the industry are exclusive member households and working couples as it fits into their fast-paced lifestyle. Furthermore, Vietnamese population is massive (87. 84 million in 2011) and young. Specifically, in 2010, the group 15-29 (i. e. argeting customer of Secret Recipe) appeared to be significantly larger than others. It is predicted that the group will be expanding in the next ten years, indicating a long-term growth for Secret Recipe in Vietnam food industry. Figure 4. Vietnam population by age and finish up in 2010 Figure 5. Vietnam population by age and sex in 2020 Resources Labor Secret Rec ipe can be beneficial from a low-cost and huge workforce. According to General Statistics Office of Vietnam, 57. 2% of Vietnams population participated to labor market and 32. 5% of them had undergone or completed a vocational/professional training.It somehow guarantees skilled labor force availability. lancinate materials Basic ingredients are available here in Vietnam. However, only dependant suppliers worth the contracts otherwise they may ruin Secret Recipes image. Nonetheless, some of the flavors can be costly as they are merchandise goods with high prices. An approach to this problem could be buying in protrude and storing them for further process. Location A number of shopping malls and superior residential areas are existence built as a developing plan (Food services in Vietnam, Market Analysis, 2012). Therefore, Secret Recipe can comfortably reach to its customers.Apparently, however, rental price should be considered consciously. Competition Porters Five Forces model , which consists of five elements, is used to give an overall picture of the food industry in Vietnam. Intensity of rivalry mean(a) Currently, in terms of cheese cake, which is a core product of Secret Recipe, there are no direct competitors as none of the existing players emphasize their menu on that. Nonetheless, as for other Vietnamese dishes that will be authentic later on, Secret Recipe should be aware that they have been being offered by domestic independents for years (Food Service profile, 2012).Their primary advantage is the understanding of the market, customers and their judgment, which will take times for Secret Recipe to gain. Threats of new entrants Medium to spirited Setting up a food business more often than not does not require high capital in comparison to other businesses. However, the procedure to ask for permission to do business in Vietnam ineluctably good relationship with the authorities. Undoubtedly, food is a recession-free industry hence business ent ities can earn profit eventually setting foot into this industry. negotiate power of suppliers LowAs mentioned, in order not to ruin Secret Recipes name, only reliable and qualified suppliers selected. Therefore, once the contract is write between the 2 parties, it will be a long-term one and thus the displacement cost would be comparatively high, causing the suppliers negotiate power to be low. Bargaining power of customers High Vietnamese food consumers are offered with many choices. Currently, there are several cake brands operating in Vietnam such as Paris Baguette, Chewy Junior (Singapore brand), number le Jour (Korean brand).Besides, street vendors food is plentiful with many different taste and prices to choose from. Consequently, together with a favor in low switching cost, customers can easily go to another restaurant if they want to. Threats of substitutes High Cakes are not that essential in a persons daily life. Moreover, food in general in Vietnam is diversified a nd can be found on any street with a relatively reasonable price, mostly serve local cuisines to their largely native customers peculiarly in big cities like Ho Chi Minh City.Thus, when it comes to hunger, people can choose from a wide range of them. 5. Conclusion To put it in a nutshell, the motives of internationalization of Secret Recipe can be best enlightened applying Eclectic paradigm, particularly the Ownership advantage. At the moment, the companys strategy is trying to spread its brand name beyond borders by constantly looking for new international markets and by bravely outgo budget on them. Accordingly, one with great potentials would be worth the investment.All the findings and data have proved that Vietnam comes in the first place in the list of promising marketplaces due to its strongly growing economy, low-cost labor, and dynamic food market. Although entering into the country poses obstacles (e. g. intense competition, good authorities relationship) and economic th reats (e. g. volatile inflation rate, high corruption rate), choosing the right strategy, the right means of qualifying into it and building a suitable organization structure would foster an efficient and efficient managing job. 6. Recommendations 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1.Most appropriate strategy The most suitable strategy to be executed when entering Vietnam market is international strategy. There are two reasons for this choice. Firstly, the Secret Recipes menu on cheese cakes was primitively developed by Malaysian chefs. People come to the restaurant mostly to enjoy the unique fine taste and the ambience there. Therefore, the RD function should be in the home country so that the uniqueness making the brand name will always be the same. This happens to be parallel with the top managements viewpoint in which the menu stays unchanged in any market.Secondly, the pressure for local responsiveness is low, not zero. Also, the most crucial characteristic of any organization is the wil lingness to develop products for foreign markets (Rosson and Ford, 1982). In fact, the success of Secret Recipe in foreign markets has its root in the willingness to include the popular dishes of the local food culture. Furthermore, Vietnamese consumers favor their traditional dishes such as Pho, spring rolls, etc. Thus, being able to fruitfully offer them in the menu will for sure be an advantage. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. 7. 2. Entry modeOviatt and McDougall (1994) advise that firms should use alternative governance structures, such as franchising, licensing. And together with the analyses about Vietnam risks and industry opportunities, the recommended entry mode for Secret Recipe is establishing a master licence via a joint venture. The reasons are as follows. First of all, Secret Recipe is in the food industry where the best mean of doing business is franchising. Indeed, the company has achieved its regional prospect thank to properly implementing that form. In other words, the management is experienced.Moreover, the franchising is now widely perceived and accepted by Vietnamese business entities and the government, making the process easier and less costly. Secondly, Secret Recipe is still on the progress of opening a foreign market, thus what matters the most to the management would be the development be and risks. As a result, setting up a master franchise will somehow save the management from many problems as it is now the master franchisees job to select and train franchisees, select locations, etc. Also, the costs and risks will be shared with the local participator in a joint venture.Thirdly, there is always a need to get over control challenges and to protect the brand name, as well as to benefit from a local partners knowledge of the host countrys competitory conditions, culture, language, political and business systems whenever expanding internationally. In this sense, a joint venture appears to be essential and practical. Besides, due to the complexity of Vietnamese market, a Vietnamese partner would be helpful in negotiating with the authorities, finding suppliers, recruiting personnel, etc. 7. 3. Appropriate organization structureIn terms of global expansion management, the recommendation structure goes to Worldwide Area Structure. The reason is that for farther development, Secret Recipe will obviously expand to other markets in different countries and territories around the world. Sooner or later, the management will have to deal with problems arising from dissimilarities in customers taste, operational issues, etc. Consequently, to save costs and efforts, it is necessary to have a decentralized bureaucracy, which can be built under a Worldwide Area structure.Plus, the structure facilitates local responsiveness, which is relatively crucial to a restaurant chain like Secret Recipe. On the other hand, the structure bears the threat of fragmentation of the organization. Hence, it needs close monitor and periodical rev iew. Words count 2,254 7. References A recipe for success (2011) Online. on hand(predicate) at http//top10malaysia. com/home/index. php/trail-blazing-companies/secret-recipe Accessed 19th October 2012 B. M. Oviatt, P. P. McDougall (1994). Toward a theory of international new ventures.Journal of International Business Studies, 25 (1994), pp. 4564 Corruption in Vietnam is serious, blatant, rampant (September 2012) Online. Available at http//tuoitrenews. vn/cmlink/tuoitrenews/politics/corruption-in-vietnam-is-serious-blatant-rampant-1. 85998 Accessed 12th November 2012 Dunning, H. J. , Lundan, M. S. (2008). Multinational Enterprises and The Global Economy. (2nd Edition). UK Edward Elgar Publishing Foodservice in Vietnam to 2014 (July 2011) Online. Available at http//www. marketresearch. com/Datamonitor-v72/Foodservice-Vietnam-6446347/ Accessed 28th October 2012 F. U. Evangelista (1994). Export performance and its determinants some empirical evidence from Australian manufacturing firm s ,in S. T. Cavusgil, C. T. Axmin (Eds. ), Advances in international marketing, vol. 6JAI Press, Greenwich, CT (1994), pp. 207229 General Statistics office of Viet Nam Online. Available at http//www. gso. gov. vn/default_en. asp viperx? tabid=515idmid=5ItemID=106550 Accessed 5th November 2012 Hill, C. W. L. (2012), International Business Competing in the Global Marketplace, (9th ed. McGraw Hill, p434-439. L. S. Welch, R. K. Luostarinen (1988). Internationalization evolution of a concept. Journal of General Management, 14 (2) (1988), pp. 3455 P. J. Rosson, L. D. Ford (1982). produceroverseas distributor relations and export performance. Journal of International Business Studies, Fall (1982), pp. 5772 Secret Recipe to invest RM60m on expansion (December 2011) Online. Available at http//www. thesundaily. my/news/243733 Accessed 21st October 2012 Secret Recipe in Malaysia (July 2011) Online. Available at http//www. articlesbase. om/customer-service-articles/secret-recipe-in-malaysia-50 66674. html Accessed 22nd October 2012 Secret Recipe plans more foreign outlets (January 2008) Online. Available at http//biz. thestar. com. my/news/story. asp? file=%2F2008%2F1%2F24%2Fbusiness%2F20105989sec=business Accessed 22nd October 2012 Vietnam Anti-Corruption Initiative Program 2011 Awarded 34 Proposals to Minimize Corruption http//web. worldbank. org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/VIETNAMEXTN/0,,contentMDK22793085pagePK1497618piPK217854theSitePK387565,00. tml Accessed 12th November 2012 Vietnamese foodservice The future of food service in Viet Nam (October 2012) Online. Available at http//www. reportlinker. com/p01010818-summary/Vietnamese-Foodservice-The-Future-of-Foodservice-in-Vietnam-to. html Accessed 5th November 2012 Vietnam rising prices rate http//www. tradingeconomics. com/vietnam/inflation-cpi Accessed 11st November 2012 Vietnamese population pyramid for years Online. Available at http//www. nationmaster. com/country/vm-vietnam/Age_distribution Acce ssed

Analysing the impact of Chinese FDI in Africa: A case study of Nigeria and Ghana.

INTRODUCTION seek ProblemThe proposed query aims to encounter the effect of Chinese external beam Investment (FDI) in gold coast and Nigeria in company to perform a cross- unsophisticated analysis of the respective(prenominal) impacts of much(prenominal) enthr nonp arilments in these countries. gold coast and Nigeria ploughsh be a bite of similar characteristics, which make for a characterful comparison, as it is posited in this study that the similarities in the midst of the two Afri displace countries exit countenance for a cross- provinceal comparison of the impacts of Chinese FDI in these countries. The results of the analysis get bring out be apply to make recommendations on how gold coast and Nigeria should make appropriate use of primary(prenominal)land Chinas FDI to achieve phylogeny in these countries.Analyzing the impact of Chinese FDI in gold coast and Nigeria has been the topic of approximately academic search. However, previous studies urinate ta pered on the individual transactionhips between these African countries and China (SWAC/OECD, 2011). With the rapid changes in the globular coronation funds environment, especially in light of the global recession, it is essential to identify the key determining factors of FDI inflows to gold coast and Nigeria, in fiat to analyze the impact of these FDIs in this region. Although sparing increase has been specified as a learningal goal in this region, academic explore exploring the temperament of the economic relationship between China and gold coast / China and Nigeria suggests that the inflow of FDI into these ontogenesis economies may cave in the effect of retarding the oerall development in these countries, as it prioritizes the exploitation of inseparable re firsts oer essential developmental goals (Oyeranti, et al., 2010).Aims and ObjectivesThis look for has two of import goals. First is to assess the impacts of Chinese FDI in gold coast and Nigeria in order t o conduct a cross- sylvan analysis of their respective economic relationships. Second is to analyze the overall impact of Chinese FDI on the development of these countries.In order to realize the original goals of this study, the following objectives make been placeTo establish a theoretical modeling for analyzing the impacts of FDI in evolution countries, circumstantialally at bottom the place setting of countries in the westside African which take in abundant natural resources To construct a theoretical framework for cadence the impacts of FDI in gold coast and Nigeria, taking into consideration the differences in economic development and coronation modality. To determine the factors influencing the economic relationship between China and gold coast / China and Nigeria, and to analyze these in terms of the established framework. To comp be and lineage the respective impacts of Chinese FDI on Ghana and Nigeria in order to mickle conclusions regarding how to manage an d improve their relationships interrogation QuestionsA clip of research questions has been formulated establish on the main goals and objectives of the study. These questions help to guide the study by ensuring that the analysis girdle concentered on the primary research substance. Below argon the research questions for this studyWhat argon the determinants of FDI impacts in African countries and how atomic number 18 these measured What are the specific impacts of Chinese FDI in Ghana and Nigeria How do these impacts correlate with the determinants identified in question 1 To what extent are the impacts of Chinese FDI in Ghana and Nigeria comparable What cross- commonwealth recommendations can be made in order to ensure that developmental goals and positive determinants of FDI are achieved in some(prenominal) countriesBackground information over delinquent to rapid globalization and the growing inter dependency among countries, FDI has been recognized as genius of the more or less significant means of transnational bully transfers. Over the years, FDI has great(p) to be an essential comp geniusnt in the economic development of numerous nations (Benacek et. al., 2000).Morgan (2003) and Johnson (2005) have highlighted the beneficial impacts that FDI can provide to a array country. These admit (a) generating additional resources much(prenominal) as smashing and technology, to help boost the take of domestic help out orders and deliver better, more affordable goods and services (b) outflow of gentleman resources, management practices and technologies from phalanxile firms to domestic businesses , which enables the host country to improve their operations and agonisticness and (c) improverd involvement of the host country in multinational markets, such as foreign exchange market and outside(a) art. delinquent to the economic egression and welfare that FDI brings to the host country, this investment is preferred by most ontogeny countri es because it str etceteras a faster way to achieve a more advanced level of economic development. However, FDI presents a cope of risks for investors. Due to these risks, countries are compel send to offer tangible incentives, as well as to put supportive regulation and systems in place to draw investors. Unfortunately, most developing nations frequently neglect to build an incentive system for foreign financiers (Botric & Skuflic, 2005). Consequently, the bag of FDI is offered to developed countries such as the US, Germany, and Belgium (UNCTAD, 2011a).Traditionally, investment relationships in Ghana and Nigeria are established with European and American investment take time offners, as these countries are the primary sources of FDI, clientele, and financial and technical assist. These relationships involve a number of bilateral and regional agreements with Nigeria and Ghana. Despite the many years of economic relationships with these countries, in that respect are allevia te differing opinions as to the impact of these investments on the development of Ghana and Nigeria (Tsikata, et al., 2010).FDI in Africa has been increase steadily since 2002 with approximately $53 billion worth of FDI in 2007, representing an increase from 2006 of 47.2%. This increase was the highest recorded level of FDI in Africa at the time. With the global recession, the region of global FDI into Africa has experienced a significant decline from 3.2% in 2006 to 2.9% in 2007. Since then, however, the African deliverance has proved resilient, growing to over $61.9 billion in 2008, and the rate of return on FDI in Africa since 2004 has grown to 12.1%. In addition, mergers and acquisitions in Africa have risen by approximately 157% to $2 billion in 2008 (Oyeranti, et al., 2010).Investment in Nigeria and Ghana by Chinese investors has grown advantageously since 1971 as a result of the complementary nature of their economies. Chinese investment in Ghana has been growing consisten tly in the previous ten dollar bill with significant increase seen from 2004 to 2005, representing $3.09 million and $17.87 million, respectively. Research indicates that the Chinese share, as a percentage of total investment by China in Ghana, implies that FDI is change magnitude (Frimprong, 2012). Investment by the Chinese in Nigeria reveals a similar situation, as Chinese FDI grew twice as much between 2003 and 2005, increasing from $3 billion to $6 billion.Ghana and Nigeria lack significant investments in alkali that is needful to support the development required to result in mensurable economic harvest-home. To this end, China has developed a successful and competent complex body graphic symbol industry, coupled with the ability to provide Nigeria and Ghana with the requisite capital needed to drive this infra expression development (Oyeranti, et al., 2010). In this way, the flow of investment into Ghana and Nigeria is complementary due to the nature and needs of the res pective economies. However, the Chinese industrial enterprise drive and the subsequent inflow of FDI into Chinas sparing has led to rapid growth in the manufacturing sector, which entails the use of oil and mineral inputs that are overwhelming Chinas internal resource capabilities (Ibid). As a result, China is looking to developing nations such as Nigeria and Ghana to concomitant their energy resource requirements to support their growing economy. Consequently, the relationship between Chinese FDI inflows into Ghana and Nigeria are being described as exploitative and as having an upsetting effect on the western sandwich development goals that have been set for the region (Tsikata, et al., 2010).This oppose perception about Chinas pursuance in Nigeria and Ghana are due to the fact that the oil and louse up sector accounts for more than 75% of Chinese investments. This implies that China seeks to exploit Nigerias natural resources. This further suggests that Chinese FDI in Nige ria is a relationship attached to exploitation and is potentially damaging to the developmental goals of the region (Oyeranti, et al., 2010).Despite these negative views, Chinese FDI in Nigeria and Ghana has non been focused solely on the exploitation of natural resources. Chinese FDI has actually helped to achieve significant growth in the manufacturing and services industry in both countries (Frimpong, 2012).The investment climate in Africa has become significantly more attractive as a result of the considerable efforts to liberalize investment regulations and offer incentives for FDI. The result, however, has not been as positive as originally intended due to significant concerns over the economic and political stability of the region.LITERATURE REVIEWFDI descriptionThe analysis of relevant literature has shown that there is not one universally recognized definition of FDI. Nevertheless, the discordant definitions of FDI do not differ considerably. FDI is commonly perceived as each a real phenomenon or a financial phenomenon (Moosa, 2002).Within the purview of a financial phenomenon, FDI is defined asA kind of multinational investment transfer wherein FDI is the outcome of variations in interest rates between two economies, because the country with higher interest levels is more appealing for foreign businesses An external supply of funding for the national economy ? FDI shows the influxes of foreign investment into the nation within a veritable timeframe, which is indicated in the balance of payments A means of reducing and eventually eradicating poverty through FDI-driven economic growth in developing countries, and in Africa, specifically in light of unify Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDG) (Asiedu, 2006)However, when FDI is considered exclusively in financial terms, there seems to be an underestimation of the degree to which FDI is associate with a varied array of return elements. Among the most crucial non-financial inflows are man agerial skills, expertise, and technology. This implies that although financial flows seem to a main component of FDI, it is not necessarily the leading element. Furthermore, according to Moosa (2002) a distinctive characteristic of FDI compared with other kinds of international investments is its function in school management policies and decisions. As such, describing FDI as purely a financial phenomenon appears to disparage this aspect.A more inclusive definition of FDI that is mostly acknowledged by other international organizations (e.g. IMF, Eurostat, UNCTAD) is proposed by OECD. According to the OECD (1999, p.7), FDI reflects the aim of obtaining a last interest by a resident entity of one economy ( identify investor) in an enterprise that is resident of another economy (direct investment enterprise).The term long-wearing interest refers to the formation of a long-standing tie-in concerning the investor and the direct investment governing This overly involves substan tial impacts on the management of such enterprise. A direct investor is the owner of 10% or more of ordinary shares or balloting stock(OECD, 1999, p.8). The IMF recommends applying this requirement of a minimum 10% leave power to split up direct investment vis-a-vis portfolio investment through shareholding. Based from this perspective, a direct investor can be any of the following entities (a) individual, (b) group of rund individuals, (c) establishment, (d) collective or unincorporated company, private or human race, and (e) group of associated companies, incorporated or unincorporated. The entity has a direct investment establishment situated in a country that is not where the direct investor resides (Duce, 2003). shoot for investment enterprise can have any of the subsequent formsSubsidiary ? a direct investor haves greater than 50% of the voting power allocated to shareholders. Controlling the shareholdings can be make either directly or indirectly, via a contrastive subsidiary. The direct investor has the endorsement to secure or terminate members of the Supervisory Board or wariness Board. Associate Company ? a direct investor owns between 10 to 50 % of the voting power allocated to shareholders. Likewise the control of shareholdings can be through with(p) either directly or indirectly. Branch ? a direct investor is also the owner of an unincorporated establishment (whole or joint ownership) in the host country. This can be in several forms, such as a joint venture, an unincorporated partnership, or a permanent office for the direct investor. This may also be in the form of fixed/ fast equipment, movable equipment, property, or constructions located in the host country (OECD, 1999).Choosing a specific kind of direct investment business also depends on antithetic considerations, the most significant of which is the present law in the host country (Duce, 2003). In considering the impact of Chinese FDI in Ghana and Nigeria, it is effective to consider the form of investment that FDI takes, with regard to the respective economies. Based from prelim research, it is clear that Chinese FDI in Nigeria is significantly higher than its FDI in Ghana, when compared to one another.Considering the high concentration of FDI in the oil and gas sector, it is possible that the economic relationship between Nigeria and Chinese may be contradictory to the developmental goals and overall well-being of the country. Whilst Chinese FDI in Ghana is seen across a variety of sectors such as aluminum, iron ore, manganese, alloy, timber, waste materials, cocoa beans, cotton linters, and frozen fish (Rahman, 2012). This indicates that the overall impacts of Chinese FDI in Ghana may be more attuned to developmental goals, compared to Chinas relationship with Nigeria.FDI determinants conjectural ApproachAs FDI became a focal point in the real global economy, researchers have attempted to describe the conduct of multinational firms and FDI de terminants through the proposal of different theories.Adam Smith (Concept of Absolute Advantages) and David Ricardo (Theory of relative Advantages) had originally discussed FDI as a feature of international softwood. Smith and Ricardo proposed that countries should focus on producing goods where they can offer a cost advantage (i.e. absolute advantage for Smith comparative advantage for Ricardo). The surplus of goods generated by a country is intended for export. Simultaneously, the country imports goods that it cannot find domestically because it lacks cost advantages for their production (Sen, 2010). The theories of Smith and Ricardo are the foundations of current views on FDI. Therefore, these lead be considered in the design of the theoretical framework.Heckscher and Olin conjugated international patronage in and with the benefits brought by the factors of production. Thus, a country must focus in producing final goods of which the raw materials are reasonably plentiful in the country. Conversely, the country is recommended to import the basic components of goods that are in limited supply. This speculation regards FDI as a component of transnational capital movement. FDI flows are seen amongst economies and are described by various capital concentrations. Countries that are well-off in terms of capital transfer their production to countries that have abundant compass supply. This is characterized by more returns to capital and lesser returns to tire. This process continues till labor and capital are equalized in the countries involved (Benacek et al., 2000). While these theories were able to associate FDI with labor costs and higher rates of investment returns, these were unable to tout ensemble rationalize FDI phenomenon (Assuncao, 2010). As such, these give not be fully use in the creation of this studys theoretical framework.Another FDI opening is given by Kindleberger (1969), who presumes that direct investment can be civilised in situa tions where market shortcomings or government interferences exist. In this context, particular economies produce commodities in which they can demonstrate a comparative advantage man other products are exported because the country cannot produce them efficiently. Thus, the relationship between FDI and grapple can be either substitutable or complementary. Kindlebergers (1969) hypothesis is applicable to the context of Ghana and Nigeria because of its considerations of market imperfections and government interventions. These exit be helpful in pardoning some aspects of the theoretical framework.Obstacles to commerce may modify FDI in two contradictory ways. On one hand, high trade barriers tend to boost FDI because these result in high export costs. This contention stresses the location advantage aspect of FDI. In contrast, high trade barriers are a hindrance for the parent company, especially in situations with high levels of trade with associated firms. Other researchers have also discussed the relationship between FDI and trade bareness (Balasubramanyam et al., 1996) and majority of studies find a positive association among these variables (Benacek, 2000).Dunning (1993) combined the components of stack Theory and the Theory of the Firm. Based on the OLI model, Dunning (1993) classified FDI determinants into three groups. These are (a) Ownership-specific advantages such as technology and know-how (b) billet-specific advantages including market size, transport costs, etc. and (c) Advantages that are particular to internationalization, wherein the firm supposes that selling of ownership advantages to third parties is not as lucrative as internally employing these advantages. Moreover, Dunning (1993) came up with the Investment Development travel plan based from the findings of his study. This framework identified five introduces in the development of a country. These stages have a substantial effect on FDI inflows (Gorynia et al., 2005 Benacek et al. , 2000). These stages of development exit be one of the components in the theoretical framework thus, this study is important to this research cipher.The institutional court presents a different perspective on the subject. Root & Ahmed (1978) and Bond & Samuelson (1986) suggested that the environment, where the enterprise conducts its operations, is unpredictable and unsure. Thus, the firms decisions will be greatly affected by institutional forces (i.e. regulations and incentives). However, in actuality, government polity defines the options that are presented to a company and which influences the firms decisions regarding FDI, licensing, and exporting (Assuncao, 2010). The role of government in FDI is another aspect which will be explored in the theoretical framework. The institutional approach will be part of this analysis.Last but not least, it is beneficial to consider Ozawas (1992) study, which connects the patterns in developing countries with Porters theory of a country s competitive advantages. According to Porter, there are quartet groups of attributes that can be applied to a country. These are (a) factor conditions (b) demand conditions (c) firm strategy, structure and rivalry and (d) related and supported enterprises. These have an influence on the nations competitiveness (Smith, 2012). Ozawa argues that the foreign investment received by developing countries, which are mainly allocated to labor-intensive sectors, results in a process of attainment and technology purchase. It aids developing economies to raise their competitive advantages and thus, push the economy onward along the various stages of development ? moving from the fundamental factor-driven stage to the innovation-driven stage. This is described by an increasing external FDI (Ozawa, 1992). The discussion on competitive advantage is again a major component of the theoretical framework which will be the outcome of this research. As such, the study by Ozawa (1992) presents some arg uments that are crucial to the discussion of this research.FDI determinants ClassificationDunning (1998) identified four groups of FDI motives. The first two groups of motives are features of the initial stage of FDI, while other groups are related to sequential FDI (Gorynia et. al., 2005).Resource Seeking the firm intends to obtain specific resources at less costs than in the local/national market commercialize Seeking the firm intends to operate in a specific foreign market because of its size or anticipated growth. The firm builds a global strategy for the foreign market, or reduces the expenditures related to serving a certain market from a neighboring facility instead of from outside the country Efficiency Seeking the firm intends to justify its production, distribution, and marketing (Gorynia et. al., 2005, p.65) Strategic plus Seeking the firm seeks to extend its strategic goals for instance, supporting their competitiveness in international marketsClause (1999) and C alderon et al., (2002) categorized FDI determinants in two groups (a) Push factors or investors intentions to position capital/investment overseas (b) Pull factors or country-specific determinants, also referred to as location determinants. These factors influence the decision of the investor to find capital in a specific country. Additionally, pull factors are political, including growth estimates, or the countrys system of rules/regulations and rewards/incentives. The authors also highlighted other pull elements in the case of transitional economies. These include the process of privatization and the intensification effect, in which a direct investment results in other direct investments (Vita and Kyaw, 2008).Lastly, UNCTAD (2011a) segregated FDI determinants into three categories (a) policy framework such as economic and political stability, competition policy, etc. (b) business facilitations, including the costs of business operations, investment motivations, etc. and (c) econom ic determinants such as market growth and infrastructure. Although these determinants help to ascertain the overall desirability of the country, the significance of specific groups differs depending on the sector and entry modes.The various FDI determinants will be explored as components of the theoretical framework. These will be investigated to find out which FDI determinants are applicable to the Ghanaian and Nigerian context.Investment Climate in Ghana and Nigeria A Comparative AnalysisAttracting increasing amounts of FDI has been a significant priority of Ghanas government when developing and reforming economic policy. The Ghana Investment consultive Council (GIAC) was formed with the help of the earth Bank and is comprised of local and multinational companies and institutional observers from around the universe. The aim of the GIAC is to ensure the removal of any regulations, which may warn FDI in the country. The GIAC, however, does not have regulatory power over the na tural resources sector, but does regulate investment in all other sectors, such as banking and other financial institutions, telecommunications, energy and real estate (Tsikata, et al., 2010). The most beneficial element of the investment climate in Ghana is that there is no oecumenic economic or industrial strategy aimed at discriminating against foreign owned business or subsidiaries, but conversely there are incentives offered if the projects are deemed critical for national development.Prior to 1995, Nigeria was considered one of the most unsuitable countries in Western African for FDI due to a combination of considerable restrictions and unsuitable investment climate ? the result of social, economic, and political tensions that continue to plague the country. In 1995, however, Nigeria changed the investment climate substantially by opening the economy to FDI and reversing these severe restrictions. The Nigerian Investment Promotion accusation (NIPC) was created to manage the approval of business licenses and motivations to improve the investment climate. All restrictions on limits in foreign shareholding were also abolished in order to promote and promote FDI. According to current Nigerian investment law, 100 % foreign ownership of firms is allowed in every sector, with the exception of the petroleum sector. In this sector, investments are limit to existing joint ventures or new production share contracts (Oyeranti, et al., 2010). This, however, is not necessarily a restrictive provision specific to Nigeria, since production sharing contracts have become a modern way of ensuring that ownership over natural resources is held by the host nation.It is evident, therefore, that both the Ghanaian and Nigerian investment climates are conducive and receptive to FDI from China. In determining the potential impacts of these investments on the economies of the country, it seems evident that there is a need and desire for large capital investments. At the same t ime, there is the need to stay in control of their natural resources, namely oil and minerals, which has resulted in the only restriction on FDI in the respective economies. The crucial difference between the two countries is the extensive superiority of Nigeria with regards to their oil resources and the far- compass effects that this has had on the country as a whole. This factor must, therefore, be critically considered to assess the impact of Chinese FDI in the country.Chinese Interest in West Africa FDI AnalysisChina provides an ideal investment partner to African countries and is often more beneficial to the host nation that traditional investment partners for a number of reasons, including fewer demands on the host country in exchange for investment, fewer conditions for assistance, offered assistance at lower rates of quittance and lower interest rates, and offered training for technical and professional personnel in doing so (technology transfer) (Renard, 2011). Historic ally, the interest in Africa from the Chinese perspective has been primarily based on the need to supplement their own natural resources, with the rapid development of their manufacturing industry necessitating a significant amount of resources far outweighing any domestic production in China itself and with an abundance of these resources in West Africa, China sought to increase their investment in and trade participation within the region. In 1987, China exempted raw materials and other components due for re-export from custom duties which bolstered their international trade with African countries as being a significant source of these products and raw materials (Renard, 2011). With the Chinese accession to the WTO, the protectionist barriers were further removed and this served to increase trade even further. Trade in components is therefore a significant part of Chinese interest in West Africa, as well as raw materials in exchange for consumer products with low capital intensity with a commitment to moving towards more technology-intensive products.In addition to the trade investment in West Africa, diplomacy in the region has focused on bilateral agreements with African governments. In 1994, the Exim Bank (China Export-Import Bank) was founded to encourage Chinese exports and FDI in Africa, with a specific focus on improving the infrastructure (Wang, 2007). On the other hand, China Development Bank (CDB), also established in 1994, opened the China-Africa Development Fund to assist Chinese FDI distribution into Africa, through the financing of Chinese firms looking to invest in the region. Finally, SINOSURE (China Export and character reference Insurance Corporation) provides these firms with insurance and protects against the risks associated with Chinese exports and foreign investment (Renard, 2011). These banks have a less risk-sensitive profile than most private banks in traditional Western investment partners, making them more willing to encourage to investment in often high-risk African countries, including Nigeria.The opportunity to invest in Africa by Chinese firms is as a result of the long-standing history of trade relations and supported by less risk-sensitive banks. These banks aim to encourage FDI in West African countries in order to sustain and potentially increase trade relations with the Chinese economy. With many of the major players in the Chinese economy being state-owned (as a result of the prevailing political regime), there is a significant interest in encouraging FDI with these West African countries due to Chinas desire to sustain its high economic growth. This supports the main assumption of this research that Chinas FDIs into Ghana and Nigeria are exploitative in nature. Because Chinas desire to sustain its economic growth as the main driving factor for its FDI, there is a lot of suspicion that Chinese state-owned investors will not care about the long-term effects of FDI, especially as it focuses on extr acting natural resources and raw materials from Ghana and Nigeria.METHODOLOGYResearch PhilosophyThis study applies the positivist philosophy, based on the presumption that experiment and observance are highly significant in perceiving human behavior. According to this philosophy, the world can be understood in a rational way. This approach focuses on analyzing facts and seeks to understand connections reduces experience to simple components and tests formulated hypotheses. It usually produces soft selective information, which seeks to be unbiased and precise (Saunders et. al., 2009).Research ApproachThis study is empirical and it acknowledges the significance of meeting and utilizing selective information, to achieve precise and clear conclusions. Inductive and deductive research approaches will be employed in the study.The deductive approach is described as highly structured. Theories of FDI motivations are first presented, since they are especially relevant to the Chinese FDI c limate. Next, the relevance of these theories to both Ghana and Nigeria is discussed through the analysis of empirical selective information. An inductive approach is observed throughout the gathering and examination of empirical data from trustworthy sources. From this perspective, the researcher analyses the data obtained by others, which has been integrated with the research procedures. granted the research objectives, this study has an explanatory quality . Explanatory research aims to explain if there is an association among two or more variables of a specific incident or phenomenon.The aim of this study is to ascertain whether there is an association between FDI inflows from China to Ghana and Nigeria use a framework for the meter of these impacts based on economic, political or social factors which may be influenced by foreign investments.Data Collection ProcessPrimary and substitute data will be gathered to analyze the possible impacts of FDI inflows from China. Selected economic indicators will also be analyzed using multiple regression analysis.This research will examine the following economic indicators GDP growth rates GDP per capita flash rates employment rates unit labor costs trade balances (represented as a percentage of GDP) foreign exchange rates somatic Income Tax Rates percentage of people with higher education developmental goals identified by the host country and other international bodies, and public spending on higher education.The data that will be used in this research will be taken from several different substitute(prenominal) research sites. Data sources are national statistics, scholarly publications, UNDP, IMF and the World Bank, as well as any other directed research that is seeking to understand the relationship between Chinese FDI and its impacts in Ghana and Nigeria countries.Limitations of ResearchThe current research is limited to the extent that Ghana and Nigeria are congruous in conducting the comparative analysis. The main concern is that the vast difference in the oil dependency of these two countries will lead to a number of conclusions, which are not compatible with one another, due to the fact that the Nigerian economy revolves around oil production. It is reasonable, therefore, to think that the occupation of this theory to Ghana may lead to conclusions or recommendations for improvement, which cannot be applied to the Nigerian context due to its resource dependency and the influence of the social, political and economic climate. In order to mitigate this limitation, the researcher aims to look specifically at the dependence on natural resources (mineral and oil) in the Ghanaian economy in order to ensure that this factor is given sufficient consideration in reaching the conclusions of this theoretical research.Secondary PublicationsPublished secondary resources will also be utilized in this study. These sources discussed FDI determinants from a general perspective and presented global outflows of FDI from China. These also analyzed the general determinants of FDI impacts in Africa as a developing region, with a specific focus on Ghana and Nigeria, and compared these impacts against one another to determine recommendations for the improvement or mitigation of FDI impacts. The application of secondary data in addressing the objectives of this research will add to the overall clarity of the research. Secondary data will be gathered by studying documents from various sources, such as international organizations and statistics offices. Other materials are peer-reviewed articles, research papers, books, and other scholarly publications. These will aid in recognizing and incorporating the most relevant literature within the context of the main research questions.Limitations of Secondary SourcesThere are some limitations in using secondary sources. One limitation is that it involves the possibility of incurring knowledge gaps. This refers to the occasions when researche rs are unable to find the specific data they are looking for. Moreover, data might be outdated or is not relevant to the research problem. Furthermore, the researcher might find contradictory points of view in the secondary data, which will result in confusion and ambiguities.To lessen these kinds of risks, the researcher will seek the advice and guidance of academic staff specializing in this research subject regarding suggestions on literature. The researcher will also come up with a comprehensive list of international databases of FDI to find the most current data.Data AnalysisThe data analyses that will be applied in this research are comprised of four important steps.Data will be arranged in a rational way. The arrangement of primary and secondary data is based on the selection process (based on the researchers judgment). Data will be sorted into three categories. The categories are as follows (a) Theoretical application of FDI in a Chinese context (b) Ghanaian and Nigerian inv estment climate and context (c) the relationship between Chinese FDI and the Ghanaian and Nigerian political, social, and economic factors. Data will then be analyzed using a number of qualitative research techniques. Results will be unionized in terms of theoretical FDI themes identified in the initial research. language PLANBelow is the Gantt chart for the dissertation. This outlines the main activities that will be conducted for this research. pop out TasksStartDuration Task 1 paternity the research proposal05 Task 2 Writing the project plan55 Task 3 Conducting the literature review1014 Task 4 convocation of secondary data247 Task 5 Creation of theoretical framework3120 Task 6 Analysis of the data5114 Task 7 Writing the final research report6514 scoreStart Represents the number of days from the start date of the research projectDuration The number of days required to complete the task REFERENCES Asiedu, S. 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